Liberal party Split/divided. One followers Gaitan, others Turbay.
1946-1953 Conservatives rule.
Mariano Ospina Peres (Conservative)1946, try to work with both parties. Murder of Gaitan 1948, started the violence. Interested in creating a National Union as Olaya Herrera. Some people opposed the national Union, in which liberals were part of the government, including Laureano Gomez, including also people from both political parties (Including the people who followed Gaitan). Liberals like policies, mayors, military people, were replaced by conservatives. Ended when March 1948, before Gaitan death, people (liberals) quitted their works from the National Union.
ï1948: Pan-American conference in Bogota, end communism in Latin American, by the US. February 7, 1948, Gaitan talked in this conference.
April 9, 1948, Gaitan is killed by Juan Rojas Sierra two months after this conference. (Bogotazo).Protests and destruction as a result of Gaitan’s death. People asked Ospina to quit, and to take the conservatives out of the power. Raise against the government, to claim for the murder of Gaitan, social matters, and economy etc.
ï1949: Critical year. Uncontrollable violence. Elections for the congress, liberals won. Liberal congress and Conservative president. Crash. Ospina Perez declared un Estado de Sitio (Declared the country with a political crisis), closed the congress, the asambleas departamentales, and the consejos municipals, imposed censors to the press and the radio.
ïAchievements: good economy development. Internal gross product was bigger (5%). Created ministry of Hygiene, and instituto de Seguros Sociales. Also created estate business like la sederugica de Paz del Rio, and Telecom.
Laureano Gomez 1950, next president, also conservative. December 1949, elected as president. Only candidate. Extremely radical, conservative and religious. He excluded the liberals from the government and started a prosecution against his opponents, promoting even more the violence.
He was a franquist and anti American. However, during his presidency he dedicated to establish strong relations with US supporting the fight against the communism.
In 1950, the war with Korea started, where US had military intervention to prevent the expansion of communism of the Soviet Union in East Asia. Gomez created a military force created by the Batallon Colombia soldiers, which was sent to Korea to support US in war. This made US and Colombia direct allies during the Cold War.
In 1951, Gomez summoned a Asamblea Nacional Constituyente (ANAC), as a way to elaborate a new constitution. This gave the president more power, turned the congress in a corporatist body, remove the liberty of critic and establish a catholic education. The Assembly was meant to reunite on July 15 of 1953 to start its labors, something that was impossible to make because of the events of that year.
In November 1951, and because of the health estate of Gomez, Roberto Urdaneta was chosen as the designated president. The violence was worst, with the aggravation of the apparition of the guerrillas in the eastern plains (Llanos Orientales), and the political instability, that continued during his government. Gomez returned to his presidency in June 13 1953, but for the elites, he was not the person most indicated to manage problems in public order nor for creating another constitution.
Conservatives, liberals and the military plans a golpe de estado that was held the same day. They offered the presidency of Urdaneta, but his negativity, there they provided the military general Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, that assumed the presidency.
El Bogotazo
En el año 1948, Bogotá se preparaba para realizar la IX Conferencia Panamericana, en la que se buscaba sentar las bases de la cooperación latinoamericana contra el comunismo, liderada por los Estados Unidos. El 7 de febrero, Gaitán pronunció su famosa Oración por la Paz, en la que pedía al presidente Ospina Pérez que tomara medidas ante la violencia que sacudía al país. Dos meses después, el 9 abril, el Caudillo del Pueblo cayó abaleado por Juan Roa Sierra frente a un edificio del centro de la ciudad. La reacción que produjo esta muerte entre sus seguidores derivó en motines de protesta que pedían la renuncia del presidente Ospina y la salida de los conservadores del poder. También hubo actos de vandalismo y enfrenamientos con el ejército. El Bogotazo fue uno de los levantamientos populares más grandes de la historia del país.
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