Marching Towards War
Rising
Tensions in Europe:
Peace and
harmony characterized much of Europe at the beginning of the 1900s
The rise of nationalism: nationalism is the deep devotion to
ones nation; it can be a unifying force within a country yet It can also cause
intense competition between countries.
By the beginning of the 1900s a deep rivalry originated among Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France. This rivalry began
for different reasons:
-
Competitions
for materials and markets
-
Territorial
disputes
-
And
the demand for independence from the Balkans
Imperialism and militarism: another cause for war was
imperialism. Different nations in Europe were fighting for different colonies
in Africa and Asia, this causing the deepening their sense of rivalry and
mistrust towards one another. Another trouble was the rise of dangerous
European arms race because the nations beloved that to be truly great they
should have a powerful army.
Introduction:
·
Efforts to
outlaw war and achieve a permanent peace had been gaining momentum in Europe
since the middle of the 19the century.
·
Some
Europeans believed that progress had made war a thing of the past.
·
Yet in
little more than a decade, a massive war would spread across the globe.
The Rise
of Nationalism:
·
The growth
of nationalism deep devotion to one’s nation—caused intense competition among
the Great Powers:: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and
France.
·
The Great Powers competed for and territory.
·
Intense
nationalism in the nations of the Balkans led to demands for independence among
Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and others.
Imperialism
and Militarism:
·
Imperialism,
and the quest for colonies, sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of
war and intensified the sense of rivalry and mistrust. The nations of Europe
took pride in having strong militaries and being prepared for war. This led to
a dangerous arms race.
·
Glorifying
military power is called militarism.
Tangled Alliances:
·
Growing
rivalries and mutual mistrust had led to the creation of several military
alliances among the Great Powers as early as the 1870s. This alliance system
had been designed to keep peace in Europe. But it would instead help push the
continent into war.
Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
·
Between
1864 and 1871, Prussia’s blood- and-iron chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, freely
used war to unify Germany.
·
Bismarck
saw France as the greatest threat to peace.
·
His goal
was to isolate France and leave it without allies.
·
In 1879, Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance
between Germany and Austria- Hungary.
·
In 1881,
Italy joined this alliance forming the Triple Alliance.
·
Bismarck
wasnearly a King. He used war to uniffy Germany
Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
·
In 1890,
Germany’s foreign policy changed dramatically. That year, Kaiser Wilhelm
II—ruler of Germany—forced Bismarck to resign.
·
Wilhelm
let his nation’s treaty with Russia lapse in 1890.
·
Russia formed a military alliance with France
in 1892 and 1894. Such an alliance had been Bismarck’s fear.
·
Kaiser
Wilhelm II starts a shipbuilding program to make the German navy equal to the
British fleet.
·
Alarmed by this, England forms the Triple
Entente with France and Russia.
·
Therefore,
there are two rival camps in Europe: the Triple Alliance and the Triple
Entente.
Crisis in the Balkans:
·
This
mountainous peninsula in the southeastern corner of Europe was home to an
assortment of ethnic groups. With a long history of nationalist uprisings and
ethnic clashes, the Balkans was known as the “powder keg” of Europe.
A Restless Region:
·
By the
early 1900s the Ottoman Turks had declined and the peoples of the Balkans had
formed new nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.
·
Serbia had
a large Slavic population and was supported by Russia.
·
In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Serbian leaders were outraged and tensions between the two nations
rose.
A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
·
On June
28, 1914 the heir to the throne of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
wife, paid a visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Foolishly, they were
riding in an open car.
·
EUROPE PLUNGES INTO WAR
·
Europe was divided into 2 groups: the Triple Entente,
Great Britain, France and Russia and the Triple Alliance, Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Italy
·
The Great war
begins
· Due to Ausyrias declaration of war
on Serbia, Russia began moving troops to the Austrian and German border, the
germans thought of this as a war declaration and declared war on Russia,
Germany also declared war on France 2 days later which caused Great Britain to
declare war on Germany
· Nations Take Sides called central powers because of their location in Europe (Germany and
Austria-hungary), they were later on joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman empire
· Allied powers = GB, France and
Russia. Later on joined by Japan and Italy after it left the Cebtral powers
·
A Bloody Stalemate
· In 1914 fall the war started along
the battle fields of France, this region became known as the Western Front
· The Conflict Grinds Along Germany has an on-going war on both of its fronts so it developed a
battle strategy called Schlieffen Plan, it consisted on defeating France in the
west and then rushing to the east to fight Russia, they thought they could do
this because Russia had slow transportation.
· Germans seemed to be following their
plan of rapidly defeatinf France, but then the Allies regrouped and attacked
the Germans, after a few days the Germans retreated. This battle called the
First Battle of the Marne was probably the most important event of the war, it
ruined the german plans and the Russians were able to invade Germany in the
east
· War In The Trenches in 1915 armies in the Western Front built trenches to protect
themselves, this set a stage in war called trench warfare.
·
The Battle in the Eastern Front
· There were millions of men fighting
in the eastern Front, this area was along the Russian and german border.
Germans and Austro-Hungarians were fighting Russians and serbs in this area
· Early Fighting at the beginning of war Russians has launched an attack in Germany and
Austria, in Germany the invading Russian army was defeated. Meanwhile the
Russian army defeated the Austrian in setember 1914.
· Russia Struggles By 1916, Russias war effort was near collapse. Russia wasn’t industrialized
yet which made the Russian army short of some basic necessities.the shipments
sent by the allies to Russia were limited by the control of the germans in the
Baltic sea, combined with Germanys submarine campaign in the north sea.
· The only adnatage of the russan army
was its numbers. Even thought they had great losses the army rebuilt itself due
to the countries enormous population
A GLOBAL CONFLICT
Australia
and Japan joined the allies and India supplied troops to fight along the
British. The ottoman, Turks and Bulgaria later joined the central powers
WAR AFFECTS THE WORLD
The Gallipoli Campaign the allies found a strategy that seemed
promising, this strategy was to attack the Dardanelles in the Ottoman Empire,
this sea strait was the way to get to Constantinople so that they could defeat
the Turks and establish a supply line to Russia. The attacks to this region
began on 1915 by the allied powers but the Turks commanded by the Germans. In
December the allies gave up.
Battles in Africa and Asia Germanys colonial possessions came
under assault. The Japanese overrun German outpost in China, they also captured
Germanys pacific island colonies. Britain and France seized control of 3 of
Germanys African possessions. Some of the British colonies helped during the
war hoping that this service would lead to their independence
America Joins the Fight in 1917 the Germans intensified the
submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean. They announced that their submarines
would sink any ship in the water around Britain; this was called unrestricted
submarine warfare. This was tried once before and they had sunk a passenger
ship with American citizens in it.
Desperate
for an advantage over the allies the Germans returned to the warfare and even
though president Wilson warned them the Germans sunk 2 American ships.
Germany
also sent a note to Mexico stating that they would help them reconquering the
land it had lost to the USA if Mexico allied itself to them.
These 2 factors
made president Wilson ask the congress to declare war on Germany and entered
the side of the allies
WAR AFFECTS THE HOME FRONT
In the 3
years of war that had passed, Europe had lost more men in battle than in all
the wars of the previous 3 centuries
Governments Wage Total War World War 1 became a total war.
Countries devoted all of their resources to war effort. Governments in the most
important European countries were dedicated to winning the conflict. The
wartime government took control of economy.
Factories
fueron canviadas a munitos factories. Almost every civilian was put to work.
Government
began turning to rationing, they suppressed anti-war activity, and censored war
news fearing that this would turn people against war. Governments used propaganda
to persuade, to keep the morale and to support war
Women and The War women replaced man at factories. They built
tanks, munitions, ran hospitals plowed the fields and paved the streets. They
kept the troops supplied.
THE ALLIES WIN THE WAR
Russia Withdraws in 1917, civil unrest in Russia caused the
establishment of a provisional government. They pledged to continue fighting
but after 5.5 million deaths and wounds the Russian army refused to continue
fighting.
After the
new government took place, a revolution shook Russia and a communist leader
Lenin seized power, he insisted on ending the involvement of Russia in war and
signed a treaty called Brest-Litovsk with Germany which declared the end of war
between them
The Central Powers Collapse Russia withdrawal allowed Germany to
send all of its troops to the Western Front. In 1918 the Germans lanzaron one
last massive attack and defeated repeatedly the French, they were 40 miles away
from Paris but their troops were greatly weakened. In July with the help f
American troops the Allied forces smashed through the German forces and began
advancing towards Germany.
The central
powers began to crumble, first the Bulgarians, then the ottoman Turks
surrendered, and in Germany the people turned on the Kaiser
On November
11 1918 the Germans and French signed an armistice and the world war came to an
end.
THE LEGACY OF THE WAR
This was a
new kind of war, it involved new technologies, it ushered the notion of war on
a global scale. 8.5 million soldiers died while about 21 million were wounded.
War had a
negative effect on Europe’s economy. It drained the treasuries of European
countries.
EASTERN FRONT
Russians
and Serbs against Austrians and Germans
¨
Russia/Germany:
eastern
¨
France
and Germany: western
30,000
Russian soldiers were killed
Stalemate:
first battle won by one side, but then the other side wins. THERE IS NO WINNER
Russia
wasn’t an industrialized nation and needed supplies fro allies, which needed to
take things to Russia through the Baltic sea which was commanded by Germany
European
countries had colonies
Constantinople
is the entrance either to Europe or to Asia. It has been tried to be taken a
million times
Ghandi
supported the participation of India
Once
America joins the war, there is TOTAL WAR
Central
powers: near Germany
Germany
sank American ships. US declared war
Germany
wanted mexico as an ally against the U.S
THE ONLY
FOCUS THEY HAD WAS WINNING THE WAR
News were
censured
ALLIES WIN THE
WAR
With the
U.S
Russia was
leaving a revolution and that was leaving czar Nicolas step out
Russian
army fought till the end
Germany and
Russia signed agreement. END FIGHT
If Germany
conquered Paris they would have won the war
Revolution
in Germany (Kaiser down) and austro Hungary made the central powers loss their
power
Ottoman
empire retired
Germany
signed a peace agreement with France, which was more powerful than Germany due
to the support of the U.S
EUROPE WAS
DEVASTATED
Treaty of
Versailles (league of nations)
Free trade
wasn’t a good idea for Italy
Freedom of
the seas was not a good idea for Germany
Reduction
of army wasn’t a good idea for France
Reduction
of navy wasn’t a good idea for Britain
They were
not leaving their colonies
GERMANY WAS
CONSIDERED THE GUITY ONE AND HAD TO PAID FOR THE REPARATIONS OF THE OTHER
COUNTRIES
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1917 was
the final explosion
The 19th
century in Russia was based on the oppressive government of the czars
CZARS RESISTED CHANGE
1881 a3
succeeded his father who was reforming Russia and wanted change
Autocracy:
there is only one person with the total power of the government (ALEXANDER3). HE
WANTED TO TAKE OUT REVOLUTIONARIES. Censured religion, languages, letters,
everything written, media
He started
to watch schools and universities to prevent more revolution. Report of every
student to the government.
Political
prisoners (questioning czar power) were sent to Siberia
NICOLAS II
COMES TO POWER
And starts working on the industrialization.
Factories doubled. Russia became the 4th country to produce the
biggest amount of steel. Industrialization brought the same problems to Russia
as it did to Britain. Rapid industrialization stirred discontent among the
people of Russia and brought new problems.
Raise taxes, sought
foreign investors (Britain and France).
Trans-Siberian Railway.
Russia said
unions were illegal so workers became revolutionaries (followed Marxist
ideals).
MENSHEVICKS
conservatives (one of the groups) wanted the leading revolution be commanded by
lots of people
BOLSHEVIKS
were the radicals that wanted fewer people to lead the revolution
LENIN was a
leader. His brother had been killed by the czars (Bolsheviks)
1800 RUSO
JAPANESE WAR: was between Russia and Japan for the control of Korea and
Manchuria
1905:
bloody Sunday. 200.000 workers started revolution (approached the czar palace).
They were demanding better working conditions, elected legislature and less
censures.
Nicolas
ordered soldiers to fire them. More than 1000 wounded
Provoked
period of violence all around the country
NICOLAS
APPROVED THE CREADION OF THE duma (parliament were just moderates could
participate) which dissolved in 10 weeks.
1914
NICOLAS WANTED RUSSIA TO BECOME PART OF THE WW. He didn’t take into account
what a nation needs to be part of a war. Czar left because he left to the
warfront
The czarina
was left in charge. She wasn’t going to take into account what the advisors
said. Fell in Rasputin spell. Her sun was hemophiliac and Rasputin said he
could cure that. RASPUTING WAS INMORTAL
March
revolution forced the czars to step down
Leaders of
the duma established a provisional government
Soviets
Lenin came
back. Germany thought that if Lenin came back this would stop the incursion of
Russia into war so the Germans pushed the coming back of Lenin. 1917
People in
cities were adding to the cause of all power to the soviets
Lenin took
control of the country. Stopped war with Germany
Russia
signed a peace agreement giving their land to Germany and their allies
White army
against the Bolshevik red army (leo commanded)
The civil
war became a chaos in Russia. Western nations helped white army
14 million
Russians died in 3 years
People died
out of hunger
There was a
flu that killed millions of people in Russia
Red army
wins
1921
economic policy: allowed people to sell and have money and stabilize the
economy. The government kept control of certain industries. Encouraged foreign
investments
1924
communists created a constitution based on principles
1928
economy became stable so he got reforms back. Lenin created the USSR Russia
divided in self-governing little. Bolshevicks became communist Russian party
LENIN WAS A
DICTATOR liked by people. He died in 1922.
Stalin
replaced him (leader of the communist party by 1928) Lenin didn’t like Stalin. 8
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